Journal of Analytical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
ISSN: 2381-8913Abstract
This study which described the urbanization effects on the two passerines (Corvus splendens and Passer domesticus) have amply provided information that the impact of urbanization appears to be taking heavy toll of wildlife in Pakistan. Unrealistic and without any plan urbanization to cater for the large influx of population as caused serious declined in the small and large mammals and also beneficial birds. It was recorded the roost exists for house sparrow in the morning were 69±5.05, the roost return 18±1.83, foraging 65±4.54, mobbing behavior was 17±1.24, bird scuffles 17±1.17 and overall numerical values in the morning 257±12.80. It was evident that impact of urbanization in the Gutwala and its vicinities were far less as compared to the situations which existed several decades ago with the increase of population abundance. It is, therefore, highly significant that the conservation of wildlife remains very important and should be managed in later and spirit by equatorially managing wildlife populations and human requirements, with least Introduction impacts recorded on the wildlife sustainability
This study which described the urbanization effects on the two passerines (Corvus splendens and Passer domesticus) have amply provided information that the impact of urbanization appears to be taking heavy toll of wildlife in Pakistan. Unrealistic and without any plan urbanization to cater for the large influx of population as caused serious declined in the small and large mammals and also beneficial birds. It was recorded the roost exists for house sparrow in the morning were 69±5.05, the roost return 18±1.83, foraging 65±4.54, mobbing behavior was 17±1.24, bird scuffles 17±1.17 and overall numerical values in the morning 257±12.80. It was evident that impact of urbanization in the Gutwala and its vicinities were far less as compared to the situations which existed several decades ago with the increase of population abundance. It is, therefore, highly significant that the conservation of wildlife remains very important and should be managed in later and spirit by equatorially managing wildlife populations and human requirements, with least Introduction impacts recorded on the wildlife sustainability
Introduction
Passerines, part of the Passeriformes order, are omnivores found in tropical zones except Antarctica. They have three toe arrangements and are characterized by their 7.5-117cm body length. Passerines are omnivores and pollinators, assisting in plant growth. There are approximately 313 species reported, with over 400 recorded in Pakistan. Urbanization, where natural and agronomic fields are converted into residential colonies, trading, and housing, is causing a reduction in passerine population. The growth rate of urbanization is expected to reach 70% by 2050, with increasing numbers in developing countries. Researchers have found that passerine domesticus have a brighter body mass in urbanized areas compared to rural conspecifics. Urbanization has significantly impacted the habitats and species diversity of passerine birds, a bird belonging to the order Passeriformes. This has led to habitat destruction, reduced reproductive success, increased stress levels, and competition between species. Urbanization affects the songbird population in two ways: directly by fluctuating habitats and ecosystem processes, and indirectly by disease organisms, predators, and competitors. Urbanized areas in forested North America support larger populations of bird species, while house wrens and white-eared ground sparrows forage in constructional areas. Environmental pollution, such as artificial light pollution, affects animal orientation, behavior, production, foraging communication, and migration. Urban waste, such as biomass, solid waste combustion, traffic vehicles, and heavy metal sources, also contribute to environmental pollution. Urbanization has led to a decline in the distribution and population status of avifauna worldwide, with passerine birds like the house sparrow experiencing a decline.
Materials and Methods
Invariably almost similar observations were recorded for the remaining observations of the house crow in the morning and evening intervals of the day. There is no doubt that is house crow is one of the important bird pests of Pakistan which also plunders significant crops and is responsible for economic losses (Table 1a, b, Figure 1-5a, b). It is therefore, concluded that such biological rhythms of house crow and house sparrow were important to visualize per day for their assessment as voracious birds which can be troublesome to the sustainable agro-system. Work on the present study clearly demonstrated that urbanization was the trivial factor which has curtailed maximum activities of the birds. Ironically, Faisalabad which remains one of the important agricultural hub of the Central Punjab, has been suffering due to the massive influx of migratory patterns of the villagers to the city environments for the last several decades
Results and Discussion
According to some studies [55] who suggested that there were some important factors influenced in the reduction of house crow numbers in the urban habitat of the Malaysia. Of these, less trees, more residential colonies and roadside vehicles were pivotal. However, not always the numbers of trees were important to increase the house crow populations as other factors were also sequential. Undoubtedly, deteriorating ecological factors were the past various years and decades, present real challenges to the birds for their survival. Perhaps in the present environment with no urbanization number of such birds would be more as compare to the present status. As reported by [6,21]. However, flexibility of the foraging of house crow like other birds required territorial defense against the predatory birds to obtain the desirable food. The territory defense would be important [40,53] to survive on land for considerable period of time
Conclusion
tion abundance of house crow and house sparrow passerines over a four-month period. It found that roost characteristics, foraging, mobbing, and inter species conflicts affected the birds' movements. The study suggests that the abundance of passerines may have been higher without urbanization and increased traffic, suggesting that this may not have been the case in the past. 2. The avian-fauna of Punjab like the other wildlife populations seems to have been alarmingly affected due to the shifting of populations from villages to the city avenues. This situation remains fairly alarming and to jeopardized urban wildlife including the birds. 3. It was evident also in the present studies that, the Gut wala forest plantation which continue to portray the picture of wildlife conservation, has also been seriously impacted by the ongoing the ruthless urbanized population and habitats. Clearly, there is a decline in all the important bird species having experienced the serious urbanized affects. 4 In view of this, it remains potentially significant to make equal contributions from the human resources and to manage the wildlife populations. The uninterrupted human interference which transforms the wildlife has been deprived of their natural surroundings, destroys the sustainability of the ecosystem.
References
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